1.手術方法
治療高血壓性腦出血的手術方法有傳統骨瓣或骨窗開顱血腫清除術、小骨窗開顱術、穿刺抽吸引流術、立體定向血腫清除術等,這些方法各有優(yōu)缺點。微創(chuàng)穿刺引流術能在短時間內及時解除血腫對腦組織的壓迫,減輕腦出血繼發(fā)的病理改變,達到提高病人治愈率和生存質量,與傳統的開顱手術相比具有明顯的優(yōu)勢:①手術操作簡便,無須特殊設備及貴重器材,尤適合基層醫(yī)院開展;②不開顱,費用低;③本組病例均在局麻下操作,可避免全麻氣管插管的并發(fā)癥;④整個操作系統密閉性強,感染機率低;⑤對腦組織損傷輕、機體干擾少,適合于全身情況差及高齡患者;⑥術前準備及手術時間短,可在早期短時間內清除血腫,迅速解除血腫對周圍腦組織壓迫,減輕繼發(fā)腦水腫、腦缺氧,保護神經功能,提高生存質量。臨床上對于一些已發(fā)生腦疝者,單獨采用微創(chuàng)穿刺引流術,雖然不能獲得較好的效果,但可減少部分血腫量,迅速降低顱內壓,為開顱手術贏得寶貴時間。但其不足之處是不能直視下操作,可能損傷硬腦膜、皮層血管及誘發(fā)新的顱內出血,不能有效止血,血腫清除不徹底等。
2.手術適應證
一般情況下,對意識狀況為Ⅰ級者多不需要手術,Ⅲ級最適宜手術,Ⅱ、Ⅳ級絕大多數適合手術,Ⅴ 級不適宜手術[。原則上,幕上血腫30ml以上引起較明顯臨床癥狀,或血腫在30ml以下,但位于重要功能區(qū),神經功能缺失嚴重,均可手術。微創(chuàng)穿刺引流術由于創(chuàng)傷小,操作簡便、快捷,其手術適應證較開顱手術適應證更廣。對于Ⅴ級患者,在向家屬充分交待病情的前提下也可進行穿刺引流,有部分患者會獲得意想不到的效果。
3.手術時機
高血壓性腦出血的手術時機分為超早期(出血6h內)、早期(出血后1~2d)及延期(出血3d后) 手術。近年來,主張早期或超早期(出血后6h內)手術的學者日益增多。從病理方面看,高血壓性腦出血發(fā)病后20~30min血腫開始形成, 6~7h 后出現腦水腫、腦組織壞死,且隨時間延長不斷加重。若長時間等待病情穩(wěn)定,許多患者在早期失去搶救機會而死亡,說明掌握最佳手術時機在手術治療高血壓性腦出血的重要性,如在6~12 h以內手術可提高療效。微創(chuàng)穿刺引流術在縮短手術前時間上具有其他手術方式無法比擬的優(yōu)勢,從而進一步確定其在高血壓腦出血治療中的優(yōu)越地位。
4.穿刺手術中應注意的問題 ①只要具備微創(chuàng)穿刺手術指征,盡量早期快速清除血腫。②CT定位頭皮穿刺點、血腫靶點及穿刺通道距離、方向一定要準確,同時盡量避開顳淺動脈、腦膜中動脈、側裂血管以及重要的大腦皮層功能區(qū),尤其是多靶點穿刺時。③對形態(tài)不規(guī)則或量較大的血腫,將其分化為2~3個亞血腫單元,分別定位穿刺靶點及穿刺點,行多針、多靶點穿刺對口沖洗引流;若血腫破入腦室同時行腦室穿刺,以達到充分引流,盡快排出血腫的目的。然而,對于靶點的選擇并非越多越好,靶點選擇過多,則對腦組織損傷越大,原則上選擇2~3個靶點。實際工作中要根據經驗權衡利弊,盡量做到引流好,靶點少,創(chuàng)傷小。④抽吸力量要適度,首次抽出血腫的量不宜過多,達原血腫量的 50%~70%即可,以免增加再出血的機率。⑤若血腫液化不良,應增加尿激酶次數、頻率,或增加液化劑濃度。⑥密切觀察引流量、液體顏色及病人臨床癥狀,一旦發(fā)現有新鮮活動出血病情惡化,及時轉開顱手術治療。我們認為微創(chuàng)穿刺引流術是治療高血壓性腦出血的一種良好手術方式,具有快捷方便、療效肯定、創(chuàng)傷小的優(yōu)點,但不能完全代替?zhèn)鹘y的開顱手術,對血腫巨大且已出現腦疝的危重病人,只能做為一種開顱手術前的急救措施,為開顱手術準備爭取時間。另外,手術治療僅是治療高血壓性腦出血過程中的一個環(huán)節(jié),手術前后除了注意腦部情況外,還應注意和調整全身其他臟器的功能,防治各種并發(fā)癥,才能取得較好的治療效果。
【 abstract 】 1 purpose: to observe The Times he SiTing joint thrombosis the injection vertigo the clinical curative effect of the treatment. Methods 80 cases of vertigo were randomly divided into treatment group and control group, all given intravenous drip armour sulfonic acid times he SiTing injection of 250 ml 1 times/d, the treatment of 7 d; In treatment group based on the above treatment combined with the injection 5 ml thrombosis (adding 5% glucose injection 250 m l) intravenous drip, one/d, the treatment of 7 d. Results the treatment group in the brain, brain artery patients before and after arterial blood brain artery with control group to improve significantly, vertebral artery intracranial section, basal artery flow speed than the control group has obvious improvement; The total effective rate was 92.0% in treatment group and control group in the total effective rate was 71.0%, two group total effectiveness a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The Times he SiTing joint blood clots can improve the injection vertigo clinical curative effect, fewer side effects, good tolerance.
【 abstract 】 2 purpose: to study the intracranial haematoma minimally invasive surgical treatment puncture remove the clinical curative effect of hypertensive hemorrhage. Methods using YL-type I intracranial haematoma crushing needle biopsy hematoma, pump, rinse, and by biochemical enzyme technology will remove the hematoma. Results the survival rate for patients with hypertensive hemorrhage increased significantly, and the quality of life improved obviously. Conclusion: intracranial haematoma minimally invasive surgical treatment puncture clear hypertensive hemorrhage small trauma, hematoma remove effect is good, less complications, and clinical promotion.
【 abstract 】 3 purpose: to observe the ShuXieTong calf serum protein extracts joint to the clinical curative effect of the treatment of cerebral infarction. Methods 68 cases of cerebral infarction patients were randomly divided into the treatment group and control group, all to ShuXieTong injection 5 ml 1 times/d, treatment and d, the treatment group based in the combined with the mavericks serum protein extracts to 20 ml and add 5% glucose injection of 250 ml intravenous injection, a/d, treatment and d. Results the treatment group than in control group neural function improvement, the total effective rate was 91.4% in treatment group and 75.8% in control group, two group total effectiveness a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: the mavericks serum to protein extracts and ShuXieTong can improve the clinical curative effect of cerebral infarction and fewer side effects for popularization.
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